Study aim: To evaluate the independent and combined effects of 16 weeks of progressive resistance training and nano-curcumin on physical performance and muscle health in older adults with sarcopenia Design: Randomized, placebo-controlled, four-group, 2×2 factorial trial with 252 participants; variable block stratified randomization; study phase is not applicable Settings and conduct: The study will be conducted at selected university and health centers. Supplement allocation will be blinded, and outcome assessors and data analysts will remain blinded to group allocation Participants/Inclusion and exclusion criteria: Adults aged 65 to 85 years with confirmed sarcopenia according to EWGSOP2 and baseline SPPB scores of 4 to 10; major exclusions include unstable cardiovascular disease, severe renal or hepatic disease, active cancer or inflammation, significant cognitive impairment, and contraindications to curcumin Intervention groups: Four groups: exercise plus nano-curcumin, exercise plus placebo, nano-curcumin, and placebo. Exercise will be performed three times weekly for 16 weeks; nano-curcumin will be administered at 40 mg twice daily Main outcome variables: Change in total Short Physical Performance Battery score from baseline to week 16