History
# Registration date Revision Id
2 2026-10-05, 1405/07/13 398454
1 2025-08-16, 1404/05/25 351799
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  • Protocol summary

    This study will be conducted at Shahid Akbarabadi Hospital with two groups (intervention and control), using a four-block randomization method in a single-blind design (participants blinded). The study will compare the effect of a mindfulness-based childbirth preparation program on fear of childbirth and depression in pregnant women before and immediately after the intervention in both groups.
    This study will be conducted at Shahid Akbarabadi Hospital with two groups (intervention and control), using a four-block randomization method in a single-blind design (statistical analyses). The study will compare the effect of a mindfulness-based childbirth preparation program on fear of childbirth and depression in pregnant women before and immediately after the intervention in both groups.
    این پژوهش در بیمارستان شهید اکبرآبادی با دو گروه آزمون و کنترل که به صورت روش بلوک بندی تصادفی چهار تایی ، یک سو کور( شرکت کنندگان) که طی آن تاثیر برنامه آمادگی زایمان مبتنی بر ذهن آگاهی بر ترس از زایمان و افسردگی در زنان باردار قبل و بلافاصله بعد از مداخله در دو گروه مورد مقایسه قرار خواهد گرفت انجام خواهد شد.
    این پژوهش در بیمارستان شهید اکبرآبادی با دو گروه آزمون و کنترل که به صورت روش بلوک بندی تصادفی چهار تایی ، یک سو کور( آنالیز کننده داده ها) که طی آن تاثیر برنامه آمادگی زایمان مبتنی بر ذهن آگاهی بر ترس از زایمان و افسردگی در زنان باردار قبل و بلافاصله بعد از مداخله در دو گروه مورد مقایسه قرار خواهد گرفت انجام خواهد شد.
    Intervention group (mindfulness based on childbirth program) and control group (routine prenatal care and education)
    Intervention group (mindfulness based on childbirth program) and control group (routine antenatal care)
    گروه های آزمون (آمادگی زایمان مبتنی بر ذهن آگاهی) و گروه کنترل (مراقبت ها و آموزش های روتین دوران بارداری)
    گروه های آزمون (آمادگی زایمان مبتنی بر ذهن آگاهی) و گروه کنترل (مراقبت های روتین دوران بارداری)
  • General information

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    2025-08-14, 1404/05/23
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    2025-09-23, 1404/07/01
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    Registration of the final study results following completion of the clinical trial.
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    ثبت نتایج نهایی مطالعه پس از اتمام کارآزمایی بالینی
  • Primary outcomes

    #1
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    Mindfulness score on the Five Facet Mindfulness Questionnaire
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    نمره ذهن آگاهی در پرسشنامه پنج وجهی ذهن آگاهی
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    Before the intervention and immediately after the intervention
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    قبل از مداخله و بلافاصله پس از مداخله
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    Five Facet Mindfulness Questionnaire
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    پرسشنامه پنج وجهی ذهن آگاهی
  • Intervention groups

    #1
    This study was designed as an educational–psychological intervention with an intervention group (mindfulness based on childbirth program) and a control group (routine prenatal care and education) in 2025 . At the first visit, all mothers (both control and intervention groups) in the 15th–22nd weeks of pregnancy, or during gatherings in the waiting room, were provided with the necessary information about the study, the existing groups, and its objectives.Mothers in the intervention group, who were randomly selected during the visit, could voluntarily choose their preferred session times according to the schedule if they were willing to participate. After signing the informed consent form and receiving the necessary explanations, the Perceived Stress Questionnaire was completed by the intervention group. If the score obtained from the questionnaire was above 28 and the inclusion criteria were met, the mother was enrolled in the intervention.The measurement tools included the Wijma Delivery Expectancy/Experience Questionnaire, the Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale, and the Five Facet Mindfulness Questionnaire. The scores obtained from these questionnaires were assessed and recorded before the intervention.In the intervention group, women were divided into subgroups of 10–15 participants, each consisting of both multiparous and primiparous women. Eligible mothers in the intervention group attended in-person mindfulness sessions once a week for a total of eight sessions, and the data were documented in the relevant checklist. The intervention was delivered in person, once a week, for three hours per session, over eight consecutive weeks.Session 1: Awareness of the unknown world of changes during pregnancy and childbirth. Session 2: Sharing present-moment experiences, feelings, and thoughts. Session 3: Mind–body connection in coping with labor pain. Session 4: Mechanisms of trust and compassion in dealing with fear-related rumination. Session 5:Inner preparation for childbirth and resilience. Session 6:Direct experience of mind–body connection in coping with pain. Session 7:Compassion, kindness, and trust in coping with pain. Session 8: Developing inner resources and a sense of security in facing labor pain.
    This study was designed as an educational–psychological intervention with an intervention group (mindfulness based on childbirth program) and a control group (routine prenatal care and education) in 2025 . At the first visit, all mothers (both control and intervention groups) in the 15th–22nd weeks of pregnancy, or during gatherings in the waiting room, were provided with the necessary information about the study, the existing groups, and its objectives.Mothers in the intervention group, who were randomly selected during the visit, could voluntarily choose their preferred session times according to the schedule if they were willing to participate. After signing the informed consent form and receiving the necessary explanations, the Perceived Stress Questionnaire was completed by the intervention group. If the score obtained from the questionnaire was above 28 and the inclusion criteria were met, the mother was enrolled in the intervention.The measurement tools included the Wijma Delivery Expectancy/Experience Questionnaire, the Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale, and the Five Facet Mindfulness Questionnaire. The scores obtained from these questionnaires were assessed and recorded before the intervention.In the intervention group, women were divided into subgroups of 7-10 participants, each consisting of both multiparous and primiparous women. Eligible mothers in the intervention group attended in-person mindfulness sessions once a week for a total of eight sessions, and the data were documented in the relevant checklist. The intervention was delivered in person, once a week, for three hours per session, over eight consecutive weeks. Session 1: Introduction to mindfulness, physiology of pregnancy and childbirth, and discussion of the culturally meaningful value of present-moment awareness. Raisin meditation practice.Session 2: Recognising bodily sensations, thoughts and emotions, the physiological stress response (fight-or-flight), responding to pregnancy-related fears, and practising patience when facing pregnancy-related challenges. Body scan practice.Session 3: Coping with pain and discussion of the culturally meaningful value of trust in God as a supportive coping resource. Ice exercise and mindful breathing during discomfort.Sessions 4–6: Understanding the childbirth process and labour pain, applying mindfulness to unpleasant sensations and uncertainty, and recognising and using emotional and practical support from family members. Yoga, mindful family inquiry about fear and joy, and sitting meditation.Session 7: Integrating mindfulness into childbirth and early parenting and cultivating self-compassion. Loving-kindness meditation.Session 8: Reviewing the entire course and practising previously learned mindfulness skills. Continued independent mindfulness practice, applying mindfulness to daily activities and childbirth-related experiences, and daily gratitude journaling.
    گروه آزمون: این مطالعه به صورت مداخله آموزشی _ روانشناختی با گروه های آزمون (آمادگی زایمان مبتنی بر ذهن آگاهی) و کنترل (مراقبت ها و آموزش های روتین دوران بارداری) در سال 1404 طراحی شده است. در اولین ویزیت تمامی مادران( گروه کنترل و آزمون) در هفته 15-22 بارداری یا در جمع مادران در اتاق انتظار اطلاعات لازم در خصوص طرح، گروه های موجود و توضیحاتی در مورد اهداف مطالعه در اختیار مادران قرار می گیرد. سپس مادران گروه آزمون که در حین ویزیت به طور تصادفی انتخاب شده اند در صورت تمایل می توانند بر اساس جدول زمان بندی در این جلسات به صورت داوطلبانه زمان حضور در جلسه را تعیین و شرکت نمایند. پس از تکمیل فرم رضایت نامه و ارائه توضیحات ، پرسشنامه استرس درک شده توسط گروه آزمون تکمیل خواهد شد. در صورتی که نمره به دست آمده از پرسشنامه استرس درک شده بالاتر از 28 و معیار های ورود وجود داشته باشد، مادر به مداخله وارد خواهد شد. ابزار اندازه گیری پرسشنامه های انتظارات و تجربیات زایمان ویجما، ، پرسشنامه افسردگی پس از زایمان ادینبورگ، پرسشنامه ذهن آگاهی پنج وجهی خواهند بود. نمره های به دست آمده از پرسشنامه ها را بررسی خواهد شد و قبل از انجام مداخله ثبت خواهد شد. در گروه آزمون زنان در دسته های 10_ 15 نفره تقسیم می شوند که هر دسته شامل زنان چند زا و اول زا خواهند بود. در گروه آزمون مادران واجد شرایط هفته ای یک بار به صورت حضوری به مدت 8 جلسه در جلسات ذهن آگاهی شرکت خواهند کرد و اطلاعات در چک لیست مربوطه ثبت خواهد شد. مداخله به صورت حضوری به مدت 8 هفته، هفته ای یک جلسه به مدت سه ساعت خواهد بود.جلسه یک: آگاهی از دنیای ناشناخته تغییرات در بارداری و زایمان، جلسه دو: به اشتراک گذاشتن تجربیات زمان حال و احساسات و افکار ، جلسه سه:ارتباط ذهن- بدن در مواجهه با حس درد زایمان ، جلسه چهار: مکانیسم اعتماد و شفقت در مواجهه با نشخوار فکری ترس ، جلسه پنج: آمادگی درونی برای زایمان و تاب آوری، جلسه شش: تجربه مستقیم ارتباط ذهن در مواجه با درد، جلسه هفت: شفقت و مهربانی و اعتماد در مواجه با درد، جلسه هشت: رشد سرمایه درونی امنیت در مواجه با درد زایمان.
    گروه آزمون: این مطالعه به صورت مداخله آموزشی _ روانشناختی با گروه های آزمون (آمادگی زایمان مبتنی بر ذهن آگاهی) و کنترل (مراقبت ها و آموزش های روتین دوران بارداری) در سال 1404 طراحی شده است. در اولین ویزیت تمامی مادران( گروه کنترل و آزمون) در هفته 15-22 بارداری یا در جمع مادران در اتاق انتظار اطلاعات لازم در خصوص طرح، گروه های موجود و توضیحاتی در مورد اهداف مطالعه در اختیار مادران قرار می گیرد. سپس مادران گروه آزمون که در حین ویزیت به طور تصادفی انتخاب شده اند در صورت تمایل می توانند بر اساس جدول زمان بندی در این جلسات به صورت داوطلبانه زمان حضور در جلسه را تعیین و شرکت نمایند. پس از تکمیل فرم رضایت نامه و ارائه توضیحات ، پرسشنامه استرس درک شده توسط گروه آزمون تکمیل خواهد شد. در صورتی که نمره به دست آمده از پرسشنامه استرس درک شده بالاتر از 28 و معیار های ورود وجود داشته باشد، مادر به مداخله وارد خواهد شد. ابزار اندازه گیری پرسشنامه های انتظارات و تجربیات زایمان ویجما، ، پرسشنامه افسردگی پس از زایمان ادینبورگ، پرسشنامه ذهن آگاهی پنج وجهی خواهند بود. نمره های به دست آمده از پرسشنامه ها را بررسی خواهد شد و قبل از انجام مداخله ثبت خواهد شد. در گروه آزمون زنان در دسته های 10_7 نفره تقسیم می شوند که هر دسته شامل زنان چند زا و اول زا خواهند بود. در گروه آزمون مادران واجد شرایط هفته ای یک بار به صورت حضوری به مدت 8 جلسه در جلسات ذهن آگاهی شرکت خواهند کرد و اطلاعات در چک لیست مربوطه ثبت خواهد شد. مداخله به صورت حضوری به مدت 8 هفته، هفته ای یک جلسه به مدت سه ساعت خواهد بود. جلسه یک: آشنایی با ذهن‌آگاهی، فیزیولوژی بارداری و زایمان و بحث درباره ارزش فرهنگی معنادار توجه به لحظه حال. تمرین مدیتیشن کشمش.جلسه دو: شناخت احساسات بدنی، افکار و هیجانات، پاسخ فیزیولوژیک به استرس (جنگ یا گریز)، مواجهه با ترس‌های مرتبط با بارداری و تمرین صبر در مواجهه با چالش‌های دوران بارداری. تمرین اسکن بدن.جلسه سه: مقابله با درد و بحث درباره ارزش فرهنگی معنادار اعتماد به خدا به عنوان یک منبع حمایتی برای مقابله با شرایط دشوار. تمرین با یخ و تنفس آگاهانه هنگام مواجهه با ناراحتی.جلسات چهار تا شش: آشنایی با روند زایمان و درد زایمان، به‌کارگیری ذهن‌آگاهی در مواجهه با احساسات ناخوشایند و عدم قطعیت، و شناخت و استفاده از حمایت عاطفی و عملی اعضای خانواده. تمرین یوگا، پرسش‌وپاسخ ذهن‌آگاهانه خانوادگی درباره ترس و شادی، و مدیتیشن نشسته.جلسه هفت: ادغام ذهن‌آگاهی در فرایند زایمان و والدگری اولیه و پرورش شفقت به خود. تمرین مدیتیشن محبت و مهربانی.جلسه هشت: مرور کل دوره و تمرین مهارت‌های ذهن‌آگاهی آموخته‌شده. ادامه تمرین مستقل ذهن‌آگاهی و به‌کارگیری آن در فعالیت‌های روزمره و تجربیات مرتبط با زایمان و ثبت روزانه قدردانی.
    #2
    Control group: At the first visit, all mothers (both control and intervention groups) in the 15th–22nd weeks of pregnancy, or during gatherings in the waiting room, were provided with the necessary information about the study, the existing groups, and its objectives. The control group received only routine prenatal care and education. Mothers in the control group who were randomly selected during the visit, after completing the informed consent form and receiving the necessary explanations, completed the Perceived Stress Questionnaire. If the score obtained from the Perceived Stress Questionnaire was above 28 and the inclusion criteria were met, the mother was enrolled in the study.The measurement tools included the Wijma Delivery Expectancy/Experience Questionnaire, the Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale, and the Five Facet Mindfulness Questionnaire, which were completed by the control group mothers before the start of the intervention and again eight weeks later. The obtained scores from these questionnaires were then analyzed.Pregnant women in the control group will be offered the opportunity to receive the mindfulness based on childbirth program after the completion of the study, if they wish.
    Control group: At the first visit, all mothers (both control and intervention groups) in the 15th–22nd weeks of pregnancy, or during gatherings in the waiting room, were provided with the necessary information about the study, the existing groups, and its objectives. The control group received only routine prenatal care and education. Mothers in the control group who were randomly selected during the visit, after completing the informed consent form and receiving the necessary explanations, completed the Perceived Stress Questionnaire. If the score obtained from the Perceived Stress Questionnaire was above 28 and the inclusion criteria were met, the mother was enrolled in the study.The measurement tools included the Wijma Delivery Expectancy/Experience Questionnaire, the Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale, and the Five Facet Mindfulness Questionnaire, which were completed by the control group mothers before the start of the intervention and again eight weeks later. The obtained scores from these questionnaires were then analyzed.
    گروه کنترل: در اولین ویزیت تمامی مادران( گروه کنترل و آزمون) در هفته 15-22 بارداری یا در جمع مادران در اتاق انتظار اطلاعات لازم در خصوص طرح، گروه های موجود و توضیحاتی در مورد اهداف مطالعه در اختیار مادران قرار می گیرد.گروه کنترل تنها مراقبت ها و آموزش های روتین دوران بارداری را دریافت می کنند. مادران گروه کنترل که در حین ویزیت به طور تصادفی انتخاب شده اند پس از تکمیل فرم رضایت نامه و ارائه توضیحات ، پرسشنامه استرس درک شده را تکمیل خواهند کرد. در صورتی که نمره به دست آمده از پرسشنامه استرس درک شده بالاتر از 28 و معیار های ورود وجود داشته باشد، مادر به مطالعه وارد خواهد شد. ابزار اندازه گیری پرسشنامه های انتظارات و تجربیات زایمان ویجما، ، پرسشنامه افسردگی پس از زایمان ادینبورگ، پرسشنامه ذهن آگاهی پنج وجهی خواهند بود که قبل از شروع مداخله و 8 هفته بعد توسط مادران گروه کنترل تکمیل و نمره های به دست آمده از پرسشنامه ها بررسی خواهد شد. زنان باردار گروه کنترل پس از اتمام مطالعه در صورت تمایل می توانند برنامه آمادگی زایمان مبتی بر ذهن آگاهی را دریافت کنند.
    گروه کنترل: در اولین ویزیت تمامی مادران( گروه کنترل و آزمون) در هفته 15-22 بارداری یا در جمع مادران در اتاق انتظار اطلاعات لازم در خصوص طرح، گروه های موجود و توضیحاتی در مورد اهداف مطالعه در اختیار مادران قرار می گیرد.گروه کنترل تنها مراقبت ها و آموزش های روتین دوران بارداری را دریافت می کنند. مادران گروه کنترل که در حین ویزیت به طور تصادفی انتخاب شده اند پس از تکمیل فرم رضایت نامه و ارائه توضیحات ، پرسشنامه استرس درک شده را تکمیل خواهند کرد. در صورتی که نمره به دست آمده از پرسشنامه استرس درک شده بالاتر از 28 و معیار های ورود وجود داشته باشد، مادر به مطالعه وارد خواهد شد. ابزار اندازه گیری پرسشنامه های انتظارات و تجربیات زایمان ویجما، ، پرسشنامه افسردگی پس از زایمان ادینبورگ، پرسشنامه ذهن آگاهی پنج وجهی خواهند بود که قبل از شروع مداخله و 8 هفته بعد توسط مادران گروه کنترل تکمیل و نمره های به دست آمده از پرسشنامه ها بررسی خواهد شد.
  • Sponsors / Funding sources

    #1

    Name of organization / entity - English:
    Name of organization / entity - Persian:
    Full name of responsible person - English: Dr. Majid Safa – Vice President for Research and Technology
    Full name of responsible person - Persian: دکتر مجید صفا-معاون تحقیقات و فناوری دانشگاه
    Street address - English: Iran University of Medical Sciences (IUMS), Shahid Hemmat highway, Tehran, IRAN
    Street address - Persian: تهران، بزرگراه همت، جنب برج میلاد، دانشگاه علوم پزشکی ایران
    City - English: Tehran
    City - Persian: تهران
    Province: Tehran
    Country: Iran (Islamic Republic of)
    Postal code: ۱۴۴۹۶۱۴۵۳۵
    Phone: +98 21 86701
    Fax:
    Email: intl@iums.ac.ir
    Web page address:

    Name of organization / entity - English:
    Name of organization / entity - Persian:
    Full name of responsible person - English: Dr. Majid Safa – Vice President for Research and Technology
    Full name of responsible person - Persian: دکتر مجید صفا-معاون تحقیقات و فناوری دانشگاه
    Street address - English: Iran University of Medical Sciences (IUMS), Shahid Hemmat highway, Tehran, IRAN
    Street address - Persian: تهران، بزرگراه همت، جنب برج میلاد، دانشگاه علوم پزشکی ایران
    City - English: Tehran
    City - Persian: تهران
    Province: Tehran
    Country: Iran (Islamic Republic of)
    Postal code: 1449614535
    Phone: +98 21 86701
    Fax:
    Email: Intl@iums.ac.ir
    Web page address:
    Yes
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    Public
    Private
    Academic
    Persons
    Iran University of Medical Sciences
    Self-funded by the researcher
    دانشگاه علوم پزشکی ایران
    تأمین مالی شخصی توسط پژوهشگر
  • Person responsible for scientific inquiries


    Name of organization / entity - English:
    Name of organization / entity - Persian:
    Full name of responsible person - English: Badriyeh Daniyali
    Full name of responsible person - Persian: بدریه دانیالی
    Position - English: Master’s student
    Position - Persian: دانشجو کارشناسی ارشد
    Latest degree: bachelor
    Area of specialty/work: 1
    Area of specialty/work title - English:
    Area of specialty/work title - Persian:
    Street address - English: Unit 4, Hadis 1 Building, Alley 3, Ayatollah Sadr St., Molavi Blvd., Tehran, Iran
    Street address - Persian: بلوار مولوی، خیابان ایت اله صدر، کوچه 3 ، ساختمان حدیث 1، واحد 4
    City - English: Shiraz
    City - Persian: شیراز
    Province: Fars
    Province - English:
    Province - Persian:
    contact.provinces_available: 1
    Country: Iran (Islamic Republic of)
    Postal code: 7145898671
    Phone: +98 917 429 7246
    Mobile: +98 917 429 7246
    Fax:
    Email: badrieh.dn@gmail.com
    Web page address:

    Name of organization / entity - English:
    Name of organization / entity - Persian:
    Full name of responsible person - English: Badriyeh Daniyali
    Full name of responsible person - Persian: بدریه دانیالی
    Position - English: Master’s student
    Position - Persian: دانشجو کارشناسی ارشد
    Latest degree: bachelor
    Area of specialty/work: 1
    Area of specialty/work title - English:
    Area of specialty/work title - Persian:
    Street address - English: Unit 4, Hadis 1 Building, Alley 3, Ayatollah Sadr St., Molavi Blvd., Shiraz, Iran
    Street address - Persian: بلوار مولوی، خیابان ایت اله صدر، کوچه 3 ، ساختمان حدیث 1، واحد 4
    City - English: Shiraz
    City - Persian: شیراز
    Province: Fars
    Province - English:
    Province - Persian:
    contact.provinces_available: 1
    Country: Iran (Islamic Republic of)
    Postal code: 7145891675
    Phone: +98 917 429 7246
    Mobile: +98 917 429 7246
    Fax:
    Email: badrieh.dn@gmail.com
    Web page address:
  • Person responsible for updating data


    Name of organization / entity - English:
    Name of organization / entity - Persian:
    Full name of responsible person - English: Badriyeh Daniyali
    Full name of responsible person - Persian: بدریه دانیالی
    Position - English: Master’s student
    Position - Persian: دانشجو کارشناسی ارشد
    Latest degree: bachelor
    Area of specialty/work: 1
    Area of specialty/work title - English:
    Area of specialty/work title - Persian:
    Street address - English: Unit 4, Hadis 1 Building, Alley 3, Ayatollah Sadr St., Molavi Blvd., Tehran, Iran
    Street address - Persian: بلوار مولوی، خیابان ایت اله صدر، کوچه 3 ، ساختمان حدیث 1، واحد 4
    City - English: Shiraz
    City - Persian: شیراز
    Province: Fars
    Province - English:
    Province - Persian:
    contact.provinces_available: 1
    Country: Iran (Islamic Republic of)
    Postal code: 7145898671
    Phone: +98 917 429 7246
    Mobile: +98 917 429 7246
    Fax:
    Email: badrieh.dn@gmail.com
    Web page address:

    Name of organization / entity - English:
    Name of organization / entity - Persian:
    Full name of responsible person - English: Badriyeh Daniyali
    Full name of responsible person - Persian: بدریه دانیالی
    Position - English: Master’s student
    Position - Persian: دانشجو کارشناسی ارشد
    Latest degree: master
    Area of specialty/work: 1
    Area of specialty/work title - English:
    Area of specialty/work title - Persian:
    Street address - English: Unit 4, Hadis 1 Building, Alley 3, Ayatollah Sadr St., Molavi Blvd., Shiraz, Iran
    Street address - Persian: بلوار مولوی، خیابان ایت اله صدر، کوچه 3 ، ساختمان حدیث 1، واحد 4
    City - English: Shiraz
    City - Persian: شیراز
    Province: Fars
    Province - English:
    Province - Persian:
    contact.provinces_available: 1
    Country: Iran (Islamic Republic of)
    Postal code: 7145898671
    Phone: +98 917 429 7246
    Mobile: +98 917 429 7246
    Fax:
    Email: badrieh.dn@gmail.com
    Web page address:
  • Trial results

    No
    Yes
    empty
    2026-10-06, 1405/07/14
    Pregnant  women Intervention group (n=42) Control group (n=45) p
    Age M (SD) 33.26 (7.74) 30.78 (5.89) 0.09  ͨ
    Married ,n(%) 42 (100) 45 (100) -
    Duration of Marriage  M (SD) 10.21 (6.56) 7.73 (5.88) 0.06  ͨ
    Education  level, n(%) 0.68  ͣ
       University education or higher 10 (23.8) 8 (17.8)
       High school or lower 32 (76.2) 37 (82.2)
    Employment, n(%) 0.66 ᵇ
       Yes 3 (7.1) 2 (4.4)
       No 39 (92.9) 43 (95.6)
    Income, n(%) 0.11 ͣ
       Less than IRR 150,000,000 32 (76.2) 40 (88.9)
       More than IRR 150,000,000 10 (23.8) 5 (11.1)
    Parity, n(%) 0.69  ͣ
       Nulliparous 16 (38.1) 19 (42.2)
       Multiparous 26 (61.9) 26 (57.8)
    Previous Mode of birth° 0.57  ͣ
       Vaginal 10 (38.5) 12 (46.2)
       Cesarean 16 (61.5) 14 (53.8)
    History of Miscarriage(s) 0.56  ͣ
       Yes 9 (21.4) 12 (26.7)
       No 33 (78.6) 33 (73.3)
    History of Infertility, n(%) 0.51 ᵇ
       Yes 6 (14.3) 4 (8.9)
       No 36 (85.7) 41 (91.1)
    Pregnancy Complications, n(%) 0.26 ᵇ
       Yes 2 (4.8) 6 (13.3)
       No 40 (95.2) 39 (86.7)
    Partners 
    Age,  M (SD) 37.33 (6.92) 35.09 (5.97) 0.10  ͨ
    Education  level, n(%) 0.19  ͣ
       University education or higher 10 (23.8) 6 (13.3)
       High school or lower 32 (76.2) 39 (86.7)
    Employment, n(%) 0.99 ᵇ
       Yes 41 (97.6) 43 (95.6)
       No 1 (2.4) 2 (4.4)
    M: Mean; SD: Standard Deviation; IRR: Iranian Rial.ᵃ Chi-Square test; ᵇ Fisher’s Exact Test; ͨ  Independent t test; ° Numbers and percentages for Previous Mode of birth are based only on multiparous women (n=26 in intervention, n=26 in control). p ≤ .05 was considered significant.

    زنان باردار گروه مداخله (n=42) گروه کنترل (n=45) p
    سن، میانگین (انحراف معیار)
    33.26 (7.74) 30.78 (5.89) 0.09  ͨ
    وضعیت تاهل، تعداد (درصد) 42 (100) 45 (100) -
    مدت ازدواج، میانگین (انحراف معیار) 10.21 (6.56) 7.73 (5.88) 0.06  ͨ
    سطح تحصیلات، تعداد (درصد) 0.68  ͣ
        تحصیلات دانشگاهی یا بالاتر 10 (23.8) 8 (17.8)
        دیپلم یا پایین‌تر 32 (76.2) 37 (82.2)
    اشتغال، تعداد (درصد) 0.66 ᵇ
        بله 3 (7.1) 2 (4.4)
        خیر 39 (92.9) 43 (95.6)
    درآمد، تعداد (درصد) 0.11 ͣ
         کمتر از 150,000,000 ریال 32 (76.2) 40 (88.9)
         بیشتر از 150,000,000 ریال 10 (23.8) 5 (11.1)
    تعداد زایمان، تعداد (درصد) 0.69  ͣ
        نخست زا 16 (38.1) 19 (42.2)
        چند زا 26 (61.9) 26 (57.8)
    نوع زایمان قبلی° 0.57  ͣ
        واژینال 10 (38.5) 12 (46.2)
        سزارین 16 (61.5) 14 (53.8)
    سابقه سقط، تعداد (درصد) 0.56  ͣ
        بله 9 (21.4) 12 (26.7)
        خیر 33 (78.6) 33 (73.3)
    سابقه نازایی، تعداد (درصد) 0.51 ᵇ
        بله 6 (14.3) 4 (8.9)
        خیر 36 (85.7) 41 (91.1)
    عوارض بارداری، تعداد (درصد) 0.26 ᵇ
        بله 2 (4.8) 6 (13.3)
        خیر 40 (95.2) 39 (86.7)
    همسر 
    سن، میانگین (انحراف معیار) 37.33 (6.92) 35.09 (5.97) 0.10  ͨ
    سطح تحصیلات، تعداد (درصد) 0.19  ͣ
         تحصیلات دانشگاهی یا بالاتر 10 (23.8) 6 (13.3)
         دیپلم یا پایین‌تر 32 (76.2) 39 (86.7)
    اشتغال، تعداد (درصد) 0.99 ᵇ
        بله 41 (97.6) 43 (95.6)
        خیر 1 (2.4) 2 (4.4)
    M: میانگین، SD: انحراف معیارIRR: ریال ایران، ᵃ آزمون کای‌دو (Chi-square)، ᵇ آزمون دقیق فیشر (Fisher’s exact test)، ͨ آزمون تی مستقل (Independent t-test)، ° اعداد و درصدهای مربوط به نوع زایمان قبلی فقط بر اساس زنان چندزا محاسبه شده‌اند (26 نفر در گروه مداخله و 26 نفر در گروه کنترل).p ≤ 0.05 به‌عنوان سطح معنی‌داری در نظر گرفته شد.

     CONSORT 2025 Flow Diagram
    Enrolment
    Assessed for eligibility n=215
    Excluded n=121
    Not meeting inclusion criteria n=86
    Declined to participate n=14
    Other reasons n=21
    Randomised n=94
    Allocation
    Intervention group (n=47)
    Received allocated intervention n=47
    Did not receive allocated intervention n=0
    Control group (n=47)
    Received routine antenatal care n=47
    Did not receive routine antenatal care n=0
    Follow-Up: Intervention group
    Discontinued intervention n=3: personal reasons
    Lost to follow-up for primary outcome n=2: No response
    Follow-Up: Control group
    Discontinued intervention n=0
    Lost to follow-up for primary outcome n=2: No response
    Analysis: Intervention group
    Analysed for primary outcome n=42
    Excluded from analysis n=0
    Analysis: Control group
    Analysed for primary outcome n=45
    Excluded from analysis n=0
     نمودار جریان کانسورت 2025
    ورود به مطالعه تعداد افراد
    ارزیابی‌شده از نظر واجد شرایط بودن n=215
    خارج‌ شده n=121
    عدم احراز معیارهای ورود n=86
    انصراف از شرکت n=14
    دلایل دیگر n=21
    تصادفی‌سازی‌شده n=94
    تخصیص
    گروه مداخله (n=47)
    دریافت مداخله تخصیص‌یافته n=47
    دریافت نکردن مداخله تخصیص‌یافته n=0
    گروه کنترل (n=47)
    دریافت مراقبت معمول دوران بارداری n=47
    دریافت نکردن مراقبت معمول دوران بارداری n=0
    پیگیری: گروه مداخله
    عدم ادامه شرکت در مداخله n=3: دلایل شخصی
    از دست رفتن در پیگیری برای پیامد اولیه n=2: عدم پاسخ
    پیگیری: گروه کنترل
    عدم ادامه شرکت در مداخله n=0
    از دست رفتن در پیگیری برای پیامد اولیه n=2: عدم پاسخ
    تحلیل: گروه مداخله
    تحلیل‌ شده برای پیامد اولیه n=42
    خارج‌ شده از تحلیل n=0
    تحلیل: گروه کنترل
    تحلیل‌ شده برای پیامد اولیه n=45
    خارج‌ شده از تحلیل n=0
    Analysis of Covariance (ANCOVA) for Between-Group Differences on Post-intervention (T1) Scores, Controlling for Pre-intervention (T0) Scores
    Variable Group N Post-Test M (SD) Adjusted Mean (SE) F (1, 84) p Adjusted Mean Difference (95% CI) η2p
    W-DEQ Intervention 42 34.95 (21.16) 34.74 (2.84) 16.19 <0.001 -15.87 [-23.71, -8.03] 0.162
    Control 45 50.40 (22.07) 50.60 (2.74)
    EPDS Intervention 42 5.71 (4.54) 6.02 (0.56) 7.90 0.006 -2.20 [-3.76, -0.64] 0.086
    Control 45 8.51 (4.42) 8.22 (0.54)
    FFMQ Intervention 42 142.26 (22.19) 141.18 (2.25) 8.90 0.004 9.35 [3.12, 15.58] 0.096
    Control 45 130.82 (20.25) 131.83 (2.18)
    Note: Adjusted means (Estimated Marginal Means) are reported controlling for the respective pre-intervention (T0) score as the covariate. M: Mean; SD: Standard Deviation; SE: Standard error; CI: Confidence Interval; η²: Partial eta-squared (effect size). W-DEQ: Wijma Delivery Expectancy/Experience Questionnaire; EPDS: Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale; FFMQ: Five Facet Mindfulness Questionnaire. Adjusted Mean Difference represents the difference between the Intervention group and the Control group (Intervention - Control). p ≤ .05 was considered significant.
    Descriptive Statistics and Paired t-Test Results for Within-Group Changes from Pre-intervention (T0) to Post-intervention (T1)
    Variable Group N T0 M (SD) T1 M (SD) Differences (SD)ᵃ t (df) p Cohen’s d
    W-DEQ Intervention 42 47.64 (24.17) 34.95 (21.16) −12.69 (18.89) 4.35 (41) <0.001 −0.67
    Control 45 46.80 (22.57) 50.40 (22.07) 3.60 (24.06) 1.00 (44) 0.321 0.15
    EPDS Intervention 42 9.14 (5.35) 5.71 (4.54) −3.43 (4.07) 5.44 (41) <0.001 −0.84
    Control 45 10.24 (4.49) 8.51 (4.42) −1.73 (4.40) 2.64 (44) 0.011 −0.39
    FFMQ Intervention 42 134.69 (20.70) 142.26 (22.19) 7.57 (15.58) 3.15 (41) 0.003 0.49
    Control 45 132.11 (17.60) 130.82 (20.25) −1.29 (14.34) 0.60 (44) 0.550 −0.09
    N, number of participants; SD, standard deviation; df, degrees of freedom; T0, pre-test; T1, post-test. W-DEQ, Wijma Delivery Expectancy/Experience Questionnaire; EPDS, Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale; FFMQ, Five Facet Mindfulness Questionnaire. ᵃMean difference = T1 post-intervention score minus T0 pre-intervention score. t values are reported as absolute values; negative values indicate a decrease in scores (desirable for W-DEQ and EPDS), whereas positive values indicate an increase in scores (desirable for FFMQ). p ≤ .05 was considered statistically significant.
    آمار توصیفی و نتایج آزمون t زوجی برای تغییرات درون‌گروهی از پیش از مداخله (T0) تا پس از مداخله (T1)
    متغیر گروه N T0 میانگین (SD) T1 میانگین (SD) تفاوت‌ها (SD)ᵃ t (df) p Cohen’s d
    W-DEQ مداخله 42 47.64 (24.17) 34.95 (21.16) 12.69- (18.89) 4.35 (41) 0.001> 0.67-
    کنترل 45 46.80 (22.57) 50.40 (22.07) 3.60 (24.06) 1.00 (44) 0.321 0.15
    EPDS مداخله 42 9.14 (5.35) 5.71 (4.54) 3.43- (4.07) 5.44 (41) 0.001> 0.84-
    کنترل 45 10.24 (4.49) 8.51 (4.42) 1.73- (4.40) 2.64 (44) 0.011 0.39-
    FFMQ مداخله 42 134.69 (20.70) 142.26 (22.19) 7.57 (15.58) 3.15 (41) 0.003 0.49
    کنترل 45 132.11 (17.60) 130.82 (20.25) 1.29- (14.34) 0.60 (44) 0.550 0.09-
    N: تعداد شرکت‌کنندگان؛ SD: انحراف معیار؛ df: درجه آزادی؛ T0: پیش‌آزمون؛ T1: پس‌آزمون. W-DEQ: انتظارات و تجربیات زایمان ویجما؛ EPDS: مقیاس افسردگی پس از زایمان ادینبورگ؛ FFMQ: پرسشنامه پنج‌وجهی ذهن‌آگاهی. ᵃتفاوت میانگین = نمره پس از مداخله (T1) منهای نمره پیش از مداخله (T0). مقادیر t به‌صورت قدرمطلق گزارش شده‌اند؛ مقادیر منفی نشان‌دهنده کاهش نمرات (که برای W-DEQ و EPDS مطلوب است) و مقادیر مثبت نشان‌دهنده افزایش نمرات (که برای FFMQ مطلوب است) هستند. p ≤ 0.05 از نظر آماری معنادار در نظر گرفته شد.
     تحلیل کوواریانس (ANCOVA) برای تفاوت بین‌گروهی در نمرات پس از مداخله (T1)، با کنترل نمرات پیش از مداخله (T0)
    متغیر گروه تعداد نمره پس‌آزمون M (SD) میانگین تعدیل‌شده (SE) F (1, 84) p تفاوت میانگین تعدیل‌شده (95% CI) η2p
    W-DEQ مداخله 42 34.95 (21.16) 34.74 (2.84) 16.19 0.001> 15.87- [23.71-, 8.03-] 0.162
    کنترل 45 50.40 (22.07) 50.60 (2.74)
    EPDS مداخله 42 5.71 (4.54) 6.02 (0.56) 7.90 0.006 2.20- [3.76-, 0.64-] 0.086
    کنترل 45 8.51 (4.42) 8.22 (0.54)
    FFMQ مداخله 42 142.26 (22.19) 141.18 (2.25) 8.90 0.004     9.35[3.12, 15.58]  0.096
    کنترل 45 130.82 (20.25) 131.83 (2.18)
    توضیحات: میانگین‌های تعدیل‌شده (Estimated Marginal Means) با کنترل نمره پیش از مداخله (T0) مربوطه به‌عنوان متغیر هم‌پراش گزارش شده‌اند. M: میانگین؛ SD: انحراف معیار؛ SE: خطای استاندارد؛ CI: فاصله اطمینان؛ η²: اتا اسکوئر جزئی (اندازه اثر). W-DEQ: انتظارات و تجربیات زایمان ویجما؛ EPDS: مقیاس افسردگی پس از زایمان ادینبورگ؛ FFMQ: پرسشنامه پنج‌وجهی ذهن‌آگاهی. تفاوت میانگین تعدیل‌شده نشان‌دهنده تفاوت بین گروه مداخله و کنترل است (مداخله - کنترل). p ≤ .05 معنادار در نظر گرفته شد.
    empty
    At post-intervention assessment, participants in the intervention group had significantly lower fear of childbirth and depression scores and significantly higher mindfulness scores than those in the control group, after adjusting for baseline scores. The between-group differences were significant for fear of childbirth (F(1,84)=16.19, p<0.001, η²p=0.162), depression (F(1,84)=7.90, p=0.006, η²p=0.086), and mindfulness (F(1,84)=8.90, p=0.004, η²p=0.096).
    empty
    در ارزیابی پس از مداخله، شرکت‌کنندگان گروه مداخله در مقایسه با گروه کنترل، پس از تعدیل نمرات پایه، کاهش معناداری در ترس از زایمان و افسردگی و افزایش معناداری در نمره ذهن‌آگاهی داشتند. تفاوت بین دو گروه در ترس از زایمان (F(1,84)=16.19، p<0.001، η²p=0.162)، افسردگی (F(1,84)=7.90، p=0.006، η²p=0.086) و ذهن‌آگاهی (F(1,84)=8.90، p=0.004، η²p=0.096) معنادار بود.

Protocol summary

Study aim
To determine the effect of a mindfulness based on childbirth program on fear of childbirth and depression in pregnant women
Design
The clinical trial has intervention and control groups, randomly assigned in a parallel-group, single-blind design.
Settings and conduct
This study will be conducted at Shahid Akbarabadi Hospital with two groups (intervention and control), using a four-block randomization method in a single-blind design (statistical analyses). The study will compare the effect of a mindfulness-based childbirth preparation program on fear of childbirth and depression in pregnant women before and immediately after the intervention in both groups.
Participants/Inclusion and exclusion criteria
Inclusion Criteria: Pregnant women over 18 years old, with a singleton pregnancy (15–22 weeks), perceived stress score ≥ 28, normal BMI, Iranian ethnicity, able to attend all sessions, literate in Persian, and with adequate hearing, speaking, and comprehension abilities. Exclusion Criteria: Before the study: Alcohol or drug abuse, prior mindfulness experience, major medical or psychiatric disorders, history of fetal anomalies, or use of certain medications (anticonvulsants, antidepressants, thyroid hormones, corticosteroids). During the study: Missing >2 sessions, withdrawal, fetal anomalies, obstetric complications, major adverse life events, or development of psychiatric disorders.
Intervention groups
Intervention group (mindfulness based on childbirth program) and control group (routine antenatal care)
Main outcome variables
Fear of childbirth and Depression

General information

Reason for update
Registration of the final study results following completion of the clinical trial.
Acronym
IRCT registration information
IRCT registration number: IRCT20250801066718N1
Registration date: 2025-08-16, 1404/05/25
Registration timing: registered_while_recruiting

Last update: 2026-10-06, 1405/07/14
Update count: 1
Registration date
2025-08-16, 1404/05/25
Registrant information
Name
Badriyeh Daniyali
Name of organization / entity
Country
Iran (Islamic Republic of)
Phone
+98 917 429 7246
Email address
badrieh.dn@gmail.com
Recruitment status
Recruitment complete
Funding source
Expected recruitment start date
2025-08-14, 1404/05/23
Expected recruitment end date
2025-12-22, 1404/10/01
Actual recruitment start date
2025-08-14, 1404/05/23
Actual recruitment end date
2025-09-23, 1404/07/01
Trial completion date
empty
Scientific title
The Effect of Mindfulness Based on Childbirth Program on Fear of Childbirth and Depression in Pregnant Women
Public title
Mindfulness Program on Fear of Childbirth and Depression in Pregnancy
Purpose
Education/Guidance
Inclusion/Exclusion criteria
Inclusion criteria:
Perceived Stress Score equal to or greater than 28 Singleton pregnancy Gestational age between 15 and 22 weeks Maternal age above 18 years Ability to attend all educational sessions Ability to read and write in Persian Iranian ethnicity of the mother Normal maternal body mass index (BMI) Full consciousness and adequate hearing and speaking ability to receive training and respond to questions
Exclusion criteria:
Alcohol and drug addiction Any history of mindfulness training or meditation History of previous fetal anomaly History of maternal treatment with anticonvulsants, antidepressants, thyroid hormones, and cortisone History or current presence of medical disorders History of serious psychiatric disorders, including psychotic disorders, bipolar disorder, depression, and medication use confirmed by a physician (based on the medical history obtained by the researcher from the pregnant mother and the information documented in her medical record).
Age
From 18 years old
Gender
Female
Phase
N/A
Groups that have been masked
  • Data analyser
Sample size
Target sample size: 94
Actual sample size reached: 87
Randomization (investigator's opinion)
Randomized
Randomization description
Eligible participants will be continuously enrolled in the study. They will then be randomly assigned in blocks of four to either the intervention group (mindfulness based on childbirth program) or the control group (routine prenatal education and care). The randomization sequence will be generated using the SealedEnvelope website.
Blinding (investigator's opinion)
Single blinded
Blinding description
In this study, the data analyst will be blinded to the group allocation (intervention or control) and will receive only coded data for statistical analyses.
Placebo
Not used
Assignment
Parallel
Other design features

Secondary Ids

empty

Ethics committees

1

Ethics committee
Name of ethics committee
Research Ethics Committees of Iran University of Medical Sciences
Street address
Deputy of Research and Technology, Central Headquarters Building, Iran University of Medical Sciences, next to Milad Tower, Hemmat Highway, Tehran
City
Tehran
Province
Tehran
Postal code
1449614535
Approval date
2024-08-11, 1403/05/21
Ethics committee reference number
IR.IUMS.REC.1403.394

Health conditions studied

1

Description of health condition studied
Perinatal depression
ICD-10 code
F53.0
ICD-10 code description
Mild mental and behavioural disorders associated with the puerperium, not elsewhere classified

2

Description of health condition studied
Fear of Childbirth
ICD-10 code
ICD-10 code description

Primary outcomes

1

Description
Depression score in the Edinburgh Questionnaire
Timepoint
Before the intervention and immediately after the intervention
Method of measurement
Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale (EPDS)

2

Description
Fear of Childbirth score in the Wijma Questionnaire
Timepoint
Before the intervention and immediately after the intervention
Method of measurement
Wijma delivery expectancy questionnaire (W-DEQ (A))

3

Description
Mindfulness score on the Five Facet Mindfulness Questionnaire
Timepoint
Before the intervention and immediately after the intervention
Method of measurement
Five Facet Mindfulness Questionnaire

Secondary outcomes

empty

Intervention groups

1

Description
This study was designed as an educational–psychological intervention with an intervention group (mindfulness based on childbirth program) and a control group (routine prenatal care and education) in 2025 . At the first visit, all mothers (both control and intervention groups) in the 15th–22nd weeks of pregnancy, or during gatherings in the waiting room, were provided with the necessary information about the study, the existing groups, and its objectives.Mothers in the intervention group, who were randomly selected during the visit, could voluntarily choose their preferred session times according to the schedule if they were willing to participate. After signing the informed consent form and receiving the necessary explanations, the Perceived Stress Questionnaire was completed by the intervention group. If the score obtained from the questionnaire was above 28 and the inclusion criteria were met, the mother was enrolled in the intervention.The measurement tools included the Wijma Delivery Expectancy/Experience Questionnaire, the Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale, and the Five Facet Mindfulness Questionnaire. The scores obtained from these questionnaires were assessed and recorded before the intervention.In the intervention group, women were divided into subgroups of 7-10 participants, each consisting of both multiparous and primiparous women. Eligible mothers in the intervention group attended in-person mindfulness sessions once a week for a total of eight sessions, and the data were documented in the relevant checklist. The intervention was delivered in person, once a week, for three hours per session, over eight consecutive weeks. Session 1: Introduction to mindfulness, physiology of pregnancy and childbirth, and discussion of the culturally meaningful value of present-moment awareness. Raisin meditation practice.Session 2: Recognising bodily sensations, thoughts and emotions, the physiological stress response (fight-or-flight), responding to pregnancy-related fears, and practising patience when facing pregnancy-related challenges. Body scan practice.Session 3: Coping with pain and discussion of the culturally meaningful value of trust in God as a supportive coping resource. Ice exercise and mindful breathing during discomfort.Sessions 4–6: Understanding the childbirth process and labour pain, applying mindfulness to unpleasant sensations and uncertainty, and recognising and using emotional and practical support from family members. Yoga, mindful family inquiry about fear and joy, and sitting meditation.Session 7: Integrating mindfulness into childbirth and early parenting and cultivating self-compassion. Loving-kindness meditation.Session 8: Reviewing the entire course and practising previously learned mindfulness skills. Continued independent mindfulness practice, applying mindfulness to daily activities and childbirth-related experiences, and daily gratitude journaling.
Category
Other

2

Description
Control group: At the first visit, all mothers (both control and intervention groups) in the 15th–22nd weeks of pregnancy, or during gatherings in the waiting room, were provided with the necessary information about the study, the existing groups, and its objectives. The control group received only routine prenatal care and education. Mothers in the control group who were randomly selected during the visit, after completing the informed consent form and receiving the necessary explanations, completed the Perceived Stress Questionnaire. If the score obtained from the Perceived Stress Questionnaire was above 28 and the inclusion criteria were met, the mother was enrolled in the study.The measurement tools included the Wijma Delivery Expectancy/Experience Questionnaire, the Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale, and the Five Facet Mindfulness Questionnaire, which were completed by the control group mothers before the start of the intervention and again eight weeks later. The obtained scores from these questionnaires were then analyzed.
Category
Other

Recruitment centers

1

Recruitment center
Name of recruitment center
Shahid Akbarabadi Hospital
Full name of responsible person
Dr.Nahid Akbari
Street address
Bagh Ferdows Station, , Molavi St. ,Tehran
City
Tehran
Province
Tehran
Postal code
1168743514
Phone
+98 21 5560 6034
Email
akbarabadihosp@yahoo.com

Sponsors / Funding sources

1

Sponsor
Name of organization / entity
Iran University of Medical Sciences
Full name of responsible person
Dr. Majid Safa – Vice President for Research and Technology
Street address
Iran University of Medical Sciences (IUMS), Shahid Hemmat highway, Tehran, IRAN
City
Tehran
Province
Tehran
Postal code
1449614535
Phone
+98 21 86701
Email
Intl@iums.ac.ir
Grant name
Grant code / Reference number
Is the source of funding the same sponsor organization/entity?
No
Title of funding source
Self-funded by the researcher
Proportion provided by this source
100
Public or private sector
Private
Domestic or foreign origin
Domestic
Category of foreign source of funding
empty
Country of origin
Type of organization providing the funding
Persons

Person responsible for general inquiries

Contact
Name of organization / entity
Iran University of Medical Sciences
Full name of responsible person
Dr. Nahid Akbari
Position
Associate Professor
Latest degree
Ph.D.
Other areas of specialty/work
Reproductive Health
Street address
School of Nursing & Midwifery Rashid Yasemi St. Valiasr St. Tehran- Iran
City
Tehran
Province
Tehran
Postal code
۱۹۹۶۷۱۳۸۸۳
Phone
0098 21 8882886
Email
akbari1420@gmail.com

Person responsible for scientific inquiries

Contact
Name of organization / entity
Iran University of Medical Sciences
Full name of responsible person
Badriyeh Daniyali
Position
Master’s student
Latest degree
Bachelor
Other areas of specialty/work
Midwifery
Street address
Unit 4, Hadis 1 Building, Alley 3, Ayatollah Sadr St., Molavi Blvd., Shiraz, Iran
City
Shiraz
Province
Fars
Postal code
7145891675
Phone
+98 917 429 7246
Email
badrieh.dn@gmail.com

Person responsible for updating data

Contact
Name of organization / entity
Iran University of Medical Sciences
Full name of responsible person
Badriyeh Daniyali
Position
Master’s student
Latest degree
Master
Other areas of specialty/work
Midwifery
Street address
Unit 4, Hadis 1 Building, Alley 3, Ayatollah Sadr St., Molavi Blvd., Shiraz, Iran
City
Shiraz
Province
Fars
Postal code
7145898671
Phone
+98 917 429 7246
Email
badrieh.dn@gmail.com

Sharing plan

Deidentified Individual Participant Data Set (IPD)
Undecided - It is not yet known if there will be a plan to make this available
Study Protocol
Undecided - It is not yet known if there will be a plan to make this available
Statistical Analysis Plan
Undecided - It is not yet known if there will be a plan to make this available
Informed Consent Form
Undecided - It is not yet known if there will be a plan to make this available
Clinical Study Report
Undecided - It is not yet known if there will be a plan to make this available
Analytic Code
Undecided - It is not yet known if there will be a plan to make this available
Data Dictionary
Undecided - It is not yet known if there will be a plan to make this available

Trial results

Please tick if results have been published
Yes
Summary result posting date
2026-10-06, 1405/07/14
Table of baseline comparison
Pregnant  women Intervention group (n=42) Control group (n=45) p
Age M (SD) 33.26 (7.74) 30.78 (5.89) 0.09  ͨ
Married ,n(%) 42 (100) 45 (100) -
Duration of Marriage  M (SD) 10.21 (6.56) 7.73 (5.88) 0.06  ͨ
Education  level, n(%) 0.68  ͣ
   University education or higher 10 (23.8) 8 (17.8)
   High school or lower 32 (76.2) 37 (82.2)
Employment, n(%) 0.66 ᵇ
   Yes 3 (7.1) 2 (4.4)
   No 39 (92.9) 43 (95.6)
Income, n(%) 0.11 ͣ
   Less than IRR 150,000,000 32 (76.2) 40 (88.9)
   More than IRR 150,000,000 10 (23.8) 5 (11.1)
Parity, n(%) 0.69  ͣ
   Nulliparous 16 (38.1) 19 (42.2)
   Multiparous 26 (61.9) 26 (57.8)
Previous Mode of birth° 0.57  ͣ
   Vaginal 10 (38.5) 12 (46.2)
   Cesarean 16 (61.5) 14 (53.8)
History of Miscarriage(s) 0.56  ͣ
   Yes 9 (21.4) 12 (26.7)
   No 33 (78.6) 33 (73.3)
History of Infertility, n(%) 0.51 ᵇ
   Yes 6 (14.3) 4 (8.9)
   No 36 (85.7) 41 (91.1)
Pregnancy Complications, n(%) 0.26 ᵇ
   Yes 2 (4.8) 6 (13.3)
   No 40 (95.2) 39 (86.7)
Partners 
Age,  M (SD) 37.33 (6.92) 35.09 (5.97) 0.10  ͨ
Education  level, n(%) 0.19  ͣ
   University education or higher 10 (23.8) 6 (13.3)
   High school or lower 32 (76.2) 39 (86.7)
Employment, n(%) 0.99 ᵇ
   Yes 41 (97.6) 43 (95.6)
   No 1 (2.4) 2 (4.4)
M: Mean; SD: Standard Deviation; IRR: Iranian Rial.ᵃ Chi-Square test; ᵇ Fisher’s Exact Test; ͨ  Independent t test; ° Numbers and percentages for Previous Mode of birth are based only on multiparous women (n=26 in intervention, n=26 in control). p ≤ .05 was considered significant.

Participant flow diagram
 CONSORT 2025 Flow Diagram
Enrolment
Assessed for eligibility n=215
Excluded n=121
Not meeting inclusion criteria n=86
Declined to participate n=14
Other reasons n=21
Randomised n=94
Allocation
Intervention group (n=47)
Received allocated intervention n=47
Did not receive allocated intervention n=0
Control group (n=47)
Received routine antenatal care n=47
Did not receive routine antenatal care n=0
Follow-Up: Intervention group
Discontinued intervention n=3: personal reasons
Lost to follow-up for primary outcome n=2: No response
Follow-Up: Control group
Discontinued intervention n=0
Lost to follow-up for primary outcome n=2: No response
Analysis: Intervention group
Analysed for primary outcome n=42
Excluded from analysis n=0
Analysis: Control group
Analysed for primary outcome n=45
Excluded from analysis n=0
Table of variable outcomes' results
Analysis of Covariance (ANCOVA) for Between-Group Differences on Post-intervention (T1) Scores, Controlling for Pre-intervention (T0) Scores
Variable Group N Post-Test M (SD) Adjusted Mean (SE) F (1, 84) p Adjusted Mean Difference (95% CI) η2p
W-DEQ Intervention 42 34.95 (21.16) 34.74 (2.84) 16.19 <0.001 -15.87 [-23.71, -8.03] 0.162
Control 45 50.40 (22.07) 50.60 (2.74)
EPDS Intervention 42 5.71 (4.54) 6.02 (0.56) 7.90 0.006 -2.20 [-3.76, -0.64] 0.086
Control 45 8.51 (4.42) 8.22 (0.54)
FFMQ Intervention 42 142.26 (22.19) 141.18 (2.25) 8.90 0.004 9.35 [3.12, 15.58] 0.096
Control 45 130.82 (20.25) 131.83 (2.18)
Note: Adjusted means (Estimated Marginal Means) are reported controlling for the respective pre-intervention (T0) score as the covariate. M: Mean; SD: Standard Deviation; SE: Standard error; CI: Confidence Interval; η²: Partial eta-squared (effect size). W-DEQ: Wijma Delivery Expectancy/Experience Questionnaire; EPDS: Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale; FFMQ: Five Facet Mindfulness Questionnaire. Adjusted Mean Difference represents the difference between the Intervention group and the Control group (Intervention - Control). p ≤ .05 was considered significant.
Descriptive Statistics and Paired t-Test Results for Within-Group Changes from Pre-intervention (T0) to Post-intervention (T1)
Variable Group N T0 M (SD) T1 M (SD) Differences (SD)ᵃ t (df) p Cohen’s d
W-DEQ Intervention 42 47.64 (24.17) 34.95 (21.16) −12.69 (18.89) 4.35 (41) <0.001 −0.67
Control 45 46.80 (22.57) 50.40 (22.07) 3.60 (24.06) 1.00 (44) 0.321 0.15
EPDS Intervention 42 9.14 (5.35) 5.71 (4.54) −3.43 (4.07) 5.44 (41) <0.001 −0.84
Control 45 10.24 (4.49) 8.51 (4.42) −1.73 (4.40) 2.64 (44) 0.011 −0.39
FFMQ Intervention 42 134.69 (20.70) 142.26 (22.19) 7.57 (15.58) 3.15 (41) 0.003 0.49
Control 45 132.11 (17.60) 130.82 (20.25) −1.29 (14.34) 0.60 (44) 0.550 −0.09
N, number of participants; SD, standard deviation; df, degrees of freedom; T0, pre-test; T1, post-test. W-DEQ, Wijma Delivery Expectancy/Experience Questionnaire; EPDS, Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale; FFMQ, Five Facet Mindfulness Questionnaire. ᵃMean difference = T1 post-intervention score minus T0 pre-intervention score. t values are reported as absolute values; negative values indicate a decrease in scores (desirable for W-DEQ and EPDS), whereas positive values indicate an increase in scores (desirable for FFMQ). p ≤ .05 was considered statistically significant.
Table of adverse events
First publication date
empty
Abstract of published paper
At post-intervention assessment, participants in the intervention group had significantly lower fear of childbirth and depression scores and significantly higher mindfulness scores than those in the control group, after adjusting for baseline scores. The between-group differences were significant for fear of childbirth (F(1,84)=16.19, p<0.001, η²p=0.162), depression (F(1,84)=7.90, p=0.006, η²p=0.086), and mindfulness (F(1,84)=8.90, p=0.004, η²p=0.096).
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